Introduction
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread, even in developed countries. Certain populations are more vulnerable due to lifestyle, biology, or environment. Understanding who is most at risk can help target prevention strategies.
High-Risk Groups
- Older adults – Reduced skin synthesis and often less time outdoors.
- People with darker skin tones – Melanin reduces the skin’s ability to produce vitamin D.
- Individuals in northern latitudes – Limited UVB radiation during winter months.
- Those with limited outdoor activity – Office workers, institutionalized populations.
- People with obesity – Vitamin D is sequestered in adipose tissue, lowering bioavailability.
- Individuals with chronic illnesses – Malabsorption syndromes (e.g., celiac, Crohn’s), chronic kidney or liver disease.
Consequences of Deficiency
- Weak bones, fractures, osteoporosis
- Increased risk of infections
- Muscle weakness and falls
- Possible associations with depression and autoimmune conditions
Prevention
- Regular vitamin D screening for high-risk individuals
- Safe sun exposure practices
- Dietary intake of fortified foods and supplements when necessary
References:
- Holick, M. F. (2007). NEJM, 357(3), 266–281.
- Mithal, A., et al. (2009). “Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D.” Osteoporosis International, 20(11), 1807–1820.